I. Questions carrying 1 mark each:
1. The commercial city in Italy that was a major centre of Renaissance art showcasing significant changes in the fields of painting and architecture. (a. Florence b. Milan c. Parma d. Rome)
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
2. From the given statements, find out the one which is incorrect about solar radiation. a. Earth's surface is not heated by solar radiation. b. A portion of solar radiation coming to the earth gets reflected back by the atmospheric particles. c. Since solar radiation is in the form of shorts waves, it does not heat up the atmosphere considerably. d. Earth’s surface gets heated by solar radiation.
◦ Classification: Understanding level
3. Arrange the following historic events in chronological order. i. A new constitution came into effect in France. ii. French National Assembly came into existence. iii. Oath of Tennis Court iv. Destruction of Bastille a) iii, iv, ii, i b) i, ii, iii, iv C) ii, iii, iv, i d) iv, I, ii, iii
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
4. Choose the correct answer by reading the given assertion and reason. Assertion: The isotherms show a noticeable bend along land-sea confluences. Reason: Land and sea get heated differentially. a. Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong b. Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct. c. Both assertion and reason are correct. d. Both assertion and reason are wrong.
◦ Classification: Analysing level
5. Find out the Assumptions of Cardinal Utility Theory. a. All products must be of the same quality b. The consumer's income and tastes do not change. c. Consumption must be continuous d. The use of other goods must be ascertained a. i,ii,iv b. i, ii C ii, iv d. ii,iii, iv
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
6. Among the various concepts given below which one is associated with the direct understanding individuals acquire about the world through personal experiences, social interactions and cultural knowledge. a. Social Analysis b. Sociological Imagination c. Self reflection d. Common-sense Knowledge
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
7. Choose the correct answers from column B matching with the question in column A. (Renaissance painting: Landscapes, Oil paint was not used, The use of oil paint, Water colour paintings, The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth)
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
8. Arrange the table suitably (Authors: Thomas More, Erasmus, Miguel de Cervantes; Works: In Praise of Folly, Don Quixote, Utopia; Countries: Spain, England, Netherlands).
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
II. Questions carrying 2 marks each (answer in two or more sentences):
9. Which is the most famous work of Dante? How far the theme of this work is relevant in contemporary society?
◦ Classification: Fact checking way (first part); Understanding/Analysing level (second part)
10. Why do the western parts of Tamil Nadu receive scanty rainfall while Kerala receives heavy rainfall from South West Monsoon?
◦ Classification: Understanding level
11. In The Prince, Machiavelli portrays an administrator who is different from the traditional medieval feudal administrators. What were the specialities of an administrator presented by Machiavelli?
◦ Classification: Understanding level
12. What is meant by utility. Name the unit for measuring utility.
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
13. The Southern Hemisphere does not experience Taiga climate. Write the reason.
◦ Classification: Understanding level
III. Questions carrying 3 marks each (answer in three or four sentences, choice given for questions 14, 15 and 16):
14. A. World history has been categorised as illustrated above for the ease of learning. Name the historians who formulated this method which came into effect during the Renaissance period. Analyse the changes that occurred in the writing of history during the renaissance period.
◦ Classification: Fact checking way (first part); Analysing level (second part) OR B. The reforms of Napoleon laid the foundation for the formation of modern France. Substantiate.
◦ Classification: Analysing level
15. A. Elucidate how the consequences of climate change affect Nepal and Maldives. What are the consequences of climate change that happens in Kerala like this? What all remedies can be suggested for this?
◦ Classification: Analysing level (elucidate, apply, suggest remedies) OR B. On the basis of given hints compare Temperate grasslands and Tropical grasslands (Savanna) a. Latitude b. Names by which they are known.
◦ Classification: Analysing level (comparison)
16. A. Evaluate the role of women in French Revolution.
◦ Classification: Analysing level OR B. Explain how the thoughts of Rousseau gave inspiration for French Revolution.
◦ Classification: Understanding level
17. Identify the rainfall by observing the picture and write down its features.
◦ Classification: Understanding level
18. When Raju clicked in a fake link that came to his mobile phone, he lost the entire amount from his bank account. What all solutions would you suggest Raju in order to get his money back?
◦ Classification: Application level
19. Rakesh is driving his vehicle very carefully on a busy road. A car coming from the opposite side which is carelessly driven by the driver hits Rakesh's vehicle. It is found that this accident happened not because of the carelessness of Rajesh but the rush and over crowding of vehicles, on the road are responsible for this. Name the method which analyses individual problems by connecting it with social problems. Who presented this concept for the first time? What are its peculiarities?
◦ Classification: Fact checking way (first two parts); Understanding/Analysing level (peculiarities)
20. (Table on Total Utility and Marginal Utility provided) a. Write the features of total utility and marginal utility when the first unit of orange is used. b. Find out the features of marginal utility from the table.
◦ Classification: Analysing level
21. Ninu was affected by food poisoning when she tasted a bread bought from a shop. When she checked the packet she could understand that it was an expired product. What all things have to be considered as a consumer while purchasing a product, in order to avoid such situations.
◦ Classification: Application level
IV. Questions carrying 4 marks each (answer in four or more sentences, choice given for questions 22 and 23):
22. A. One of the features of sociological imagination is to understand social problems in depth. Explain this feature of sociological imagination on the basis of gender status.
◦ Classification: Understanding/Analysing level OR B. Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself. By what name is it known as? Analyse the changes brought about by this in the Catholic church.
◦ Classification: Fact checking way (first part); Analysing level (second part)
23. A. Monsoons are the seasonal reversal of wind system. Do you think that Monsoon winds change direction as the name implies? Elucidate.
◦ Classification: Understanding/Analysing level OR B. Each climatic region has a substantial role in creating its own unique climate, flora, fauna and also moulding the human life of the respective climatic region. Substantiate the statement.
◦ Classification: Analysing level
24. With the help of the map find out the locations of the following deserts. a. Sahara b. Kalahari c. Atacama d. Arabian desert
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
25. Write down the limitations of Common-sense Knowledge.
◦ Classification: Understanding level
26. Evaluate the impact created by renaissance in the field of religion in Europe.
◦ Classification: Analysing level
27. Ajay purchased two shirts from a shop for his use. But it got damaged in the next week itself when he started using it as per the instructions given in it. Whom should he approach in order to get compensation for the damage occurred. What all rights of Ajay are violated here?
◦ Classification: Application level
28. Write any four reforms introduced by French National Assembly in socio economic and political fields.
◦ Classification: Fact checking way
V. Questions carrying 5 marks each (answer in detail, choice given for each question):
29. A. How far did the emergence and growth of middle class in French society cause French Revolution. Evaluate.
◦ Classification: Analysing level OR B. Renaissance laid foundation for the growth of modern science. Substantiate the statement on the basis of changes in the field of astronomy.
◦ Classification: Analysing level
30. A. Explain the factors influencing the distribution temperature.
◦ Classification: Understanding level OR B. Specify the features of Mediterranean climate on the basis of given hints. a. Temperature and annual rainfall b. Natural vegetation
◦ Classification: Understanding level
write all the questions in fact checking way application level analysing level and understanding level chapter wise questions exactly what in the pdf question paper model mentioned
Here are all the questions from the provided model question paper, categorised by chapter and then by cognitive level (Fact checking way, Understanding level, Analysing level, and Application level), as requested.
Social Science I
Chapter 1: Humanism
• Fact checking way
◦ The commercial city in Italy that was a major centre of Renaissance art showcasing significant changes in the fields of painting and architecture. (a. Florence b. Milan c. Parma d. Rome)
◦ Choose the correct answers from column B matching with the question in column A. (Renaissance painting: Landscapes, Oil paint was not used, The use of oil paint, Water colour paintings, The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth)
◦ Arrange the table suitably (Authors: Thomas More, Erasmus, Miguel de Cervantes; Works: In Praise of Folly, Don Quixote, Utopia; Countries: Spain, England, Netherlands).
◦ Which is the most famous work of Dante?
◦ World history has been categorised as illustrated above for the ease of learning. Name the historians who formulated this method which came into effect during the Renaissance period.
◦ Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself. By what name is it known as?
• Understanding level
◦ In The Prince, Machiavelli portrays an administrator who is different from the traditional medieval feudal administrators. What were the specialities of an administrator presented by Machiavelli?
• Analysing level
◦ How far the theme of Dante's most famous work is relevant in contemporary society?
◦ Analyse the changes that occurred in the writing of history during the renaissance period.
◦ Analyse the changes brought about by the Counter-Reformation in the Catholic church.
◦ Evaluate the impact created by renaissance in the field of religion in Europe.
◦ Renaissance laid foundation for the growth of modern science. Substantiate the statement on the basis of changes in the field of astronomy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 2: Liberty Equality Fraternity
• Fact checking way
◦ Arrange the following historic events in chronological order. i. A new constitution came into effect in France. ii. French National Assembly came into existence. iii. Oath of Tennis Court iv. Destruction of Bastille a) iii, iv, ii, i b) i, ii, iii, iv C) ii, iii, iv, i d) iv, I, ii, iii
◦ Write any four reforms introduced by French National Assembly in socio economic and political fields.
• Understanding level
◦ Explain how the thoughts of Rousseau gave inspiration for French Revolution.
• Analysing level
◦ The reforms of Napoleon laid the foundation for the formation of modern France. Substantiate.
◦ Evaluate the role of women in French Revolution.
◦ How far did the emergence and growth of middle class in French society cause French Revolution. Evaluate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 3: Social Analysis: Through Sociological Imagination
• Fact checking way
◦ Among the various concepts given below which one is associated with the direct understanding individuals acquire about the world through personal experiences, social interactions and cultural knowledge. a. Social Analysis b. Sociological Imagination c. Self reflection d. Common-sense Knowledge
◦ Name the method which analyses individual problems by connecting it with social problems. Who presented this concept for the first time?
• Understanding level
◦ What are its peculiarities? (Peculiarities of the method that analyses individual problems by connecting them with social problems)
◦ Write down the limitations of Common-sense Knowledge.
◦ One of the features of sociological imagination is to understand social problems in depth. Explain this feature of sociological imagination on the basis of gender status.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Social Science II
Chapter 1: Weather and Climate
• Understanding level
◦ From the given statements, find out the one which is incorrect about solar radiation. a. Earth's surface is not heated by solar radiation. b. A portion of solar radiation coming to the earth gets reflected back by the atmospheric particles. c. Since solar radiation is in the form of shorts waves, it does not heat up the atmosphere considerably. d. Earth’s surface gets heated by solar radiation.
◦ Why do the western parts of Tamil Nadu receive scanty rainfall while Kerala receives heavy rainfall from South West Monsoon?
◦ Identify the rainfall by observing the picture and write down its features.
◦ Explain the factors influencing the distribution temperature.
• Analysing level
◦ Choose the correct answer by reading the given assertion and reason. Assertion: The isotherms show a noticeable bend along land-sea confluences. Reason: Land and sea get heated differentially. a. Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong b. Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct. c. Both assertion and reason are correct. d. Both assertion and reason are wrong.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 2: Climatic Regions and Climate Change
• Fact checking way
◦ With the help of the map find out the locations of the following deserts. a. Sahara b. Kalahari c. Atacama d. Arabian desert
• Understanding level
◦ Specify the features of Mediterranean climate on the basis of given hints. a. Temperature and annual rainfall b. Natural vegetation
• Analysing level
◦ Elucidate how the consequences of climate change affect Nepal and Maldives.
◦ On the basis of given hints compare Temperate grasslands and Tropical grasslands (Savanna) a. Latitude b. Names by which they are known.
◦ Do you think that Monsoon winds change direction as the name implies? Elucidate.
◦ Each climatic region has a substantial role in creating its own unique climate, flora, fauna and also moulding the human life of the respective climatic region. Substantiate the statement.
• Application level
◦ What are the consequences of climate change that happens in Kerala like this? What all remedies can be suggested for this?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 3: From The Rainy Forests to The Land of Permafrost
• Understanding level
◦ The Southern Hemisphere does not experience Taiga climate. Write the reason.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 4: Consumer: Rights and Protection
• Fact checking way
◦ Find out the Assumptions of Cardinal Utility Theory. a. All products must be of the same quality b. The consumer's income and tastes do not change. c. Consumption must be continuous d. The use of other goods must be ascertained a. i,ii,iv b. i, ii C ii, iv d. ii,iii, iv
◦ What is meant by utility. Name the unit for measuring utility.
• Analysing level
◦ a. Write the features of total utility and marginal utility when the first unit of orange is used. b. Find out the features of marginal utility from the table.
• Application level
◦ When Raju clicked in a fake link that came to his mobile phone, he lost the entire amount from his bank account. What all solutions would you suggest Raju in order to get his money back?
◦ Ninu was affected by food poisoning when she tasted a bread bought from a shop. When she checked the packet she could understand that it was an expired product. What all things have to be considered as a consumer while purchasing a product, in order to avoid such situations.
◦ Ajay purchased two shirts from a shop for his use. But it got damaged in the next week itself when he started using it as per the instructions given in it. Whom should he approach in order to get compensation for the damage occurred. What all rights of Ajay are violated here?
write like this way chapter wise maximum questions and answers for PSC orientation notes
Here are the questions and answers from the provided model question paper, organised chapter-wise for PSC orientation notes. The information is directly supported by the given sources and cited appropriately.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Social Science I
Chapter 1: Humanism
Questions and Answers
• Question: The commercial city in Italy that was a major centre of Renaissance art showcasing significant changes in the fields of painting and architecture.
◦ Answer: Florence
• Question: Choose the correct answers from column B matching with the question in column A regarding Renaissance painting.
◦ Answer: Renaissance painting is characterised by:
▪ Landscapes
▪ The use of oil paint
▪ The use of colour to illustrate light and spatial depth
▪ Other features include realistic depiction of the human body, portraits, and the representation of divine figures in idealised human forms.
• Question: Arrange the table suitably (Authors: Thomas More, Erasmus, Miguel de Cervantes; Works: In Praise of Folly, Don Quixote, Utopia; Countries: Spain, England, Netherlands).
◦ Answer:
▪ Thomas More - Utopia - England
▪ Erasmus - In Praise of Folly - Netherlands
▪ Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote - Spain
• Question: Which is the most famous work of Dante? How far is the theme of this work relevant in contemporary society?
◦ Answer:
▪ Dante's most famous work is The Divine Comedy.
▪ The poem's theme revolves around Dante's imagined pilgrimage through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, but it also profoundly reflects human emotions, patriotism, fascination for natural phenomena, and the longing for a unified and independent Italy. Its emphasis on human experience and questioning traditional norms remains relevant in contemporary discussions on individual freedom and national identity.
• Question: World history has been categorised as illustrated above for the ease of learning. Name the historians who formulated this method which came into effect during the Renaissance period. Analyse the changes that occurred in the writing of history during the renaissance period.
◦ Answer:
▪ The historians who formulated this method of categorising world history (Ancient, Medieval, Modern) during the Renaissance period were Flavio Biondo and Leonardo Bruni.
▪ Changes in historiography during the Renaissance:
• Transition from medieval Christian tradition to a secular life and thought.
• The notion that historical events were divinely ordained lost relevance; human-centered explanations and interpretations gained recognition.
• Human life became the focus of historical narratives, superseding chronicles of monks and biographies of priests.
• Growing importance of archaeological evidence and relics (inscriptions, coins, ancient manuscripts).
• Critical thinking and scientific enquiry replaced stories and myths.
• Question: Following the Reformation, the Catholic Church initiated efforts to reform itself. By what name is it known as? Analyse the changes brought about by this in the Catholic church.
◦ Answer:
▪ This movement is known as the Counter-Reformation (also called Catholic Reformation).
▪ Changes brought about by the Counter-Reformation:
• The Church leadership convened the Council (Synod) of Trent to correct erroneous tendencies and implement reforms.
• The sale of indulgences was banned.
• A list of books (The Index) that should not be read by believers was published.
• The court of inquisition was reinstituted.
• The Society of Jesus, set up by Ignatius Loyola, played a prominent part by observing strict discipline, unquestioned obedience, establishing schools, and engaging in missionary work to re-establish the Catholic Church's authority.
• Question: Evaluate the impact created by renaissance in the field of religion in Europe.
◦ Answer: The Renaissance profoundly impacted religion by fostering humanism, which questioned religious dogma and domination. This intellectual shift, combined with satirical works by humanists like Erasmus and critiques from others, laid the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Key impacts include:
▪ Protests against practices like the sale of indulgences.
▪ Martin Luther's 'Ninety-Five Theses' in 1517 marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, leading to new Christian denominations.
▪ The emergence of the Anglican Church in England under King Henry VIII, establishing a National Church.
▪ The Catholic Church's internal reform efforts, known as the Counter-Reformation, which banned indulgences, published 'The Index', and reinstituted the court of inquisition, also saw the rise of 'The Society of Jesus'.
• Question: Renaissance laid foundation for the growth of modern science. Substantiate the statement on the basis of changes in the field of astronomy.
◦ Answer: The Renaissance indeed laid the foundation for modern science, especially in astronomy, by promoting rational inquiry and challenging established beliefs. Key changes include:
▪ Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric (Earth-centred) model of Ptolemy, proposing a revolutionary heliocentric (Sun-centred) model where the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.
▪ Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler further elucidated and expanded upon Copernicus' discoveries. Galileo's telescope led to seminal discoveries like Jupiter's satellites and Saturn's rings, providing conclusive evidence for Copernicus' principles.
▪ Kepler's pathbreaking findings revealed that the speed of planets varied based on their distance from the Sun.
▪ These advancements ultimately laid the foundation for Isaac Newton's formulation of the theory of gravitation by the end of the 17th century.
Chapter 2: Liberty Equality Fraternity
Questions and Answers
• Question: Arrange the following historic events in chronological order: i. A new constitution came into effect in France. ii. French National Assembly came into existence. iii. Oath of Tennis Court iv. Destruction of Bastille
◦ Answer: The correct chronological order is:
▪ ii. French National Assembly came into existence (June 17, 1789)
▪ iii. Oath of Tennis Court (June 20, 1789)
▪ iv. Destruction of Bastille (July 14, 1789)
▪ i. A new constitution came into effect in France (1795)
▪ Therefore, the order is ii, iii, iv, i.
• Question: In The Prince, Machiavelli portrays an administrator who is different from the traditional medieval feudal administrators. What were the specialities of an administrator presented by Machiavelli?
◦ Answer: Machiavelli's administrator, as presented in "The Prince," should:
▪ Maintain the authority and security of the state as their paramount responsibility.
▪ Remain impartial.
▪ Avoid showing favouritism or obligation to specific groups among the subjects.
• Question: Evaluate the role of women in French Revolution.
◦ Answer: Women played a significant and active role in the French Revolution:
▪ Participation in struggles: Due to food shortages and the uncooperative policies of Louis XVI, thousands of women marched to the Versailles palace, forcefully bringing the king and his family to Paris.
▪ Advocacy for rights: Prominent figures like Olympia de Gouche, a playwright and activist, advocated for women's rights through her book "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen," demanding equal rights as men.
▪ Achievements: The women's rights movement achieved the right to property and the right to divorce.
▪ Symbolic actions: Women contributed to the spread of revolutionary ideals and symbols, for example, the wearing of pantaloons as a protest against the nobility.
• Question: Explain how the thoughts of Rousseau gave inspiration for French Revolution.
◦ Answer: Rousseau's philosophical ideas, particularly from his work "The Social Contract," deeply inspired the French Revolution:
▪ He argued that "The people created the king through a contract for their welfare and upliftment. However, the king has violated his responsibilities. Therefore, he has lost the right to rule". This concept challenged the divine right of kings and justified popular sovereignty.
▪ He believed that "good laws create good citizens," advocating for a system based on naturalism.
▪ His famous statement, "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains," powerfully articulated the societal constraints and injustices faced by individuals, resonating with the aspirations for liberty and equality among the French people.
• Question: The reforms of Napoleon laid the foundation for the formation of modern France. Substantiate.
◦ Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte's administrative reforms significantly modernised France, laying the groundwork for its future:
▪ Legal reforms: The Napoleonic Code abolished feudal laws and recognised equality and religious freedom.
▪ Concordat: An agreement with the Pope restored the freedom of the Catholic Church and granted freedom to other religious groups.
▪ Educational reforms: Steps were taken to universalise education through government-run schools (lycee) aimed at producing educated people for government service and the army. A national university system controlled state education.
▪ Economic reforms: He established The Bank of France and implemented a unified currency system.
▪ Military reforms: The army was reorganised into several battalions, enhancing its efficiency. These comprehensive changes consolidated the revolutionary ideals into stable institutions.
• Question: Write any four reforms introduced by French National Assembly in socio economic and political fields.
◦ Answer: Four reforms introduced by the French National Assembly were:
▪ Abolition of slavery.
▪ Taking away the special powers vested on the nobility.
▪ Abolishing the tax the people had to pay to the Catholic Church.
▪ Cancellation of additional taxes.
▪ Other reforms included implementing a unified constitution, issuing a new paper currency ('Assignat'), confiscating religious properties, and declaring complete religious tolerance.
• Question: How far did the emergence and growth of middle class in French society cause French Revolution. Evaluate.
◦ Answer: The emergence and growth of the middle class (bourgeoisie) were decisive factors in causing the French Revolution:
▪ Economic Advancement: Progress in agricultural and industrial sectors led to the rise of a wealthy middle class, including doctors, lawyers, bankers, industrialists, and merchants.
▪ Taxation Inequality: Despite their economic and educational advancements, this middle class, like the common people, had to pay taxes to the government and nobility.
▪ Lack of Status and Power: They were denied the status or power they deserved in the administration and the army, leading to deep discontentment.
▪ Inspiration for Revolution: As noted by historians Will and Ariel Durant, the middle class used the discontent of peasants to destroy feudalism and the discontent of urban masses to neutralise the king's armies, thus driving the revolution. Their demand for equal taxation and political participation fuelled the revolutionary movement.
Chapter 3: Social Analysis: Through Sociological Imagination
Questions and Answers
• Question: Among the various concepts given below which one is associated with the direct understanding individuals acquire about the world through personal experiences, social interactions and cultural knowledge.
◦ Answer: The concept is Common-sense Knowledge.
• Question: Name the method which analyses individual problems by connecting it with social problems. Who presented this concept for the first time? What are its peculiarities?
◦ Answer:
▪ The method is Sociological Imagination.
▪ This concept was presented for the first time by American Sociologist Charles Wright Mills in his book "The Sociological Imagination" (1959).
▪ Peculiarities of Sociological Imagination:
• Broadens individual perspective by identifying how social factors influence individual problems.
• Enables understanding social issues in depth by identifying the relationship between individual problems and social issues, such as gender status in labour force participation.
• Enables self-reflection, allowing individuals to critically evaluate their own thoughts and actions in the context of social influences.
• Develops empathy and tolerance by helping individuals understand the social context behind others' experiences.
• Develops critical thinking by helping individuals understand how various social factors influence their lives.
• Helps in questioning negative social norms and stereotypes, such as those related to mental health.
• Question: Write down the limitations of Common-sense Knowledge.
◦ Answer: The limitations of Common-sense Knowledge include:
▪ It provides only partial knowledge.
▪ It relies on speculations or practices rather than scientific observation.
▪ It is not based on scientific observations or studies.
▪ It often bases itself on stereotypes.
▪ It cannot properly understand complex social problems.
• Question: One of the features of sociological imagination is to understand social problems in depth. Explain this feature of sociological imagination on the basis of gender status.
◦ Answer: Sociological imagination helps to understand social problems in depth by going beyond common-sense assumptions and identifying underlying social factors. For example, regarding women's labour force participation:
▪ Common-sense knowledge might suggest women are simply "not coming forward" for work.
▪ However, sociological imagination reveals that this is influenced by gender norms in some societies where men are expected to provide for the family, and women are expected to remain home as caretakers, limiting their employment opportunities and contributing to economic backwardness.
▪ It also highlights how educational backwardness among women (due to boys having more educational opportunities) can lead to lower labour force participation.
▪ Thus, it enables tracing various cultural, economic, and educational factors behind the gender status gap in labour force participation among women, providing a deeper understanding of the social issue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Social Science II
Chapter 1: Weather and Climate
Questions and Answers
• Question: From the given statements, find out the one which is incorrect about solar radiation. a. Earth's surface is not heated by solar radiation. b. A portion of solar radiation coming to the earth gets reflected back by the atmospheric particles. c. Since solar radiation is in the form of shorts waves, it does not heat up the atmosphere considerably. d. Earth’s surface gets heated by solar radiation.
◦ Answer: The incorrect statement is: a. Earth's surface is not heated by solar radiation.
▪ (Statements b, c, and d are correct based on the source material).
• Question: Choose the correct answer by reading the given assertion and reason. Assertion: The isotherms show a noticeable bend along land-sea confluences. Reason: Land and sea get heated differentially.
◦ Answer: c. Both assertion and reason are correct.
▪ The assertion is correct as isotherms do bend noticeably where land and sea meet.
▪ The reason is correct because land heats and cools faster than the sea, leading to temperature differences at their confluences.
• Question: Why do the western parts of Tamil Nadu receive scanty rainfall while Kerala receives heavy rainfall from South West Monsoon?
◦ Answer: This phenomenon is due to Orographic rainfall (or Relief rainfall) and the Rain Shadow Region effect.
▪ During the South West Monsoon, Kerala receives heavy rainfall because it is situated on the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, where moisture-laden winds from the sea are forced to rise, leading to condensation and rainfall.
▪ In contrast, the western parts of Tamil Nadu lie on the leeward side of the Western Ghats, becoming a rain shadow region. As the winds descend on this side, they are dry, resulting in very little or scanty rainfall.
• Question: Identify the rainfall by observing the picture and write down its features.
◦ Answer: (Assuming the picture depicts Convectional Rainfall as shown in Fig 1.28 in the source).
▪ This is Convectional Rainfall.
▪ Features:
• It occurs when the ground surface is intensely heated, causing air to expand and rise (convection).
• As the rising air cools, water vapour condenses to form rain clouds.
• It commonly occurs during afternoons and is often referred to as 4 O’Clock rains.
• In equatorial climatic regions, it is a diurnal (daily) phenomenon.
• Question: Explain the factors influencing the distribution temperature.
◦ Answer: The distribution of atmospheric temperature is influenced by several factors:
▪ Latitude: Temperature gradually decreases from the equatorial regions (where sun's rays are almost vertical) towards the poles (where sun's rays are more inclined).
▪ Altitude: Atmospheric temperature generally decreases with an increase in altitude at a rate of 6.4º Celsius per kilometre (Normal Lapse Rate).
▪ Differential Heating of Land and Sea: Land heats and cools faster than the sea. This causes land areas to experience higher summer temperatures and lower winter temperatures compared to sea areas.
▪ Distance from the Sea: Coastal areas have moderate temperatures due to maritime influence (winds from sea). Inland areas, away from the sea, experience higher day temperatures and lower night temperatures.
▪ Ocean Currents: Warm currents raise the temperature of coastal regions they pass by (e.g., North Atlantic Current), while cold currents lower it (e.g., Labrador cold current).
▪ Relief: Mountain slopes facing the sun (windward side) experience higher temperatures, while opposite slopes (leeward side) experience lower temperatures due to differing sunlight exposure.
Chapter 2: Climatic Regions and Climate Change
Questions and Answers
• Question: With the help of the map find out the locations of the following deserts: a. Sahara b. Kalahari c. Atacama d. Arabian desert
◦ Answer: (Based on Fig 2.6)
▪ Sahara Desert: North Africa.
▪ Kalahari Desert: Southern Africa.
▪ Atacama Desert: Western South America (Chile).
▪ Arabian Desert: Arabian Peninsula (Western Asia).
• Question: Elucidate how the consequences of climate change affect Nepal and Maldives. What are the consequences of climate change that happens in Kerala like this? What all remedies can be suggested for this?
◦ Answer:
▪ Nepal (mountain country): Climate change is causing Himalayan glaciers to melt rapidly (at a rate of 12 to 20 metres per year), leading to undesirable changes in the ecosystem.
▪ Maldives (island nation): It faces the threat of sea-level rise (estimated at 0.42 cm per year). If the sea level rises by 2.5 metres, the Maldives could be completely submerged.
▪ Consequences in Kerala (similar to global climate change effects): Studies indicate that the nature of monsoon rain has shifted from long-duration rains to torrential rain lasting for a few days, leading to phenomena like cloud bursts. This has resulted in severe flash floods and landslides (e.g., Kavalappara and Puthumala in 2019, Mundakkai and Chooralmala in 2024).
▪ Remedies suggested for climate change:
• Promotion of energy efficiency.
• Protection of forests.
• Changes in technology to be more sustainable.
• Encouragement of the use of non-conventional energy sources such as wind and solar energy.
• Question: On the basis of given hints compare Temperate grasslands and Tropical grasslands (Savanna) a. Latitude b. Names by which they are known.
◦ Answer:
▪ a. Latitude:
• Tropical Grasslands (Savanna): Found between 10° and 30° latitudes in both hemispheres.
• Temperate Grasslands: Located between 40° and 50° latitudes in both hemispheres.
▪ b. Names by which they are known:
• Tropical Grasslands (Savanna): Known as Savanna (Africa), Campos (Southern Brazil), and Llanos (Venezuela).
• Temperate Grasslands: Known by different regional names such as Steppes (Europe/Asia), Prairies (North America), Pampas (South America), Veld (Africa), and Downs (Australia).
• Question: Do you think that Monsoon winds change direction as the name implies? Elucidate.
◦ Answer: Yes, Monsoon winds do change direction seasonally, which is implied by the term 'monsoon' itself.
▪ During summer, the South Asian landmasses heat intensely, creating severe low pressure. Winds blow from the Indian Ocean (where higher pressure prevails) towards the land as South West winds (due to the Coriolis effect), bringing widespread rainfall (Southwest Monsoon).
▪ During winter, the northern landmasses cool severely, leading to high pressure over North India. This causes winds to blow continuously from the land towards the Indian Ocean as north-east winds, which are generally dry (Northeast Monsoon). This seasonal reversal of wind patterns is the defining characteristic of monsoon climates.
• Question: Each climatic region has a substantial role in creating its own unique climate, flora, fauna and also moulding the human life of the respective climatic region. Substantiate the statement.
◦ Answer: This statement is substantiated by observing the distinct characteristics of various climatic regions:
▪ Equatorial Climatic Region (0°-10° N/S): Characterised by high temperatures and high rainfall throughout the year, it leads to evergreen rainforests (like the Amazon's Selvas) with diverse flora and arboreal fauna. Human life, like that of the Pygmies, is often nomadic, relying on hunting, gathering, and shifting cultivation, adapting to the dense forests and challenges like disease.
▪ Monsoon Climatic Region: Defined by seasonal reversal of winds, leading to long, humid summers and short, dry winters. This supports dense monsoon forests (tropical deciduous) and makes the region a major agricultural area for tropical crops like rice and sugarcane, leading to high population densities.
▪ Hot Deserts (mainly western margins of continents): Experience very little rainfall (less than 25 cm/year) and high diurnal temperature ranges. Vegetation is adapted to aridity (cactus, shrubs). Human life is sparse, with communities like the Bushmen adapting to adverse conditions, engaging in dry farming, animal husbandry, and exploiting mineral resources.
▪ Tundra Region (Arctic coasts): Marked by extreme cold, short summers, long winters, and snowfall. Only hardy plants like mosses, lichens, and short shrubs survive. Fauna includes polar bears, Arctic foxes, and reindeer. Human life, like the Eskimos, is adapted to a semi-nomadic lifestyle based on hunting, fishing, and traditional shelters like igloos.
▪ These examples demonstrate how specific climatic conditions directly shape the natural environment and influence the adaptive behaviours and livelihoods of human populations, creating unique regional ecosystems and cultures.
• Question: Specify the features of Mediterranean climate on the basis of given hints. a. Temperature and annual rainfall b. Natural vegetation
◦ Answer:
▪ a. Temperature and Annual Rainfall:
• Characterised by dry summers with temperatures around 20-25°C.
• Humid winters with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 16°C.
• Distinguished by winter rainfall ranging from 30 to 75 cm, which is beneficial for winter crops.
▪ b. Natural Vegetation:
• Dense forests are not common due to relatively low rainfall.
• The dominant vegetation includes tall evergreen trees such as oak and sequoia, evergreen conifers like pine and fir, and shrubs.
• The region is famous for fruits and vegetables, and is the world's leading producer of wine and a major exporter of citrus fruits.
Chapter 3: From The Rainy Forests to The Land of Permafrost
Questions and Answers
• Question: The Southern Hemisphere does not experience Taiga climate. Write the reason.
◦ Answer: The Southern Hemisphere does not experience Taiga climate in its high latitudes because the extent of landmass is generally less in those latitudes. The Taiga region is dominated by sub-Arctic coniferous evergreen trees, which require specific landmass conditions for their prevalence.
Chapter 4: Consumer: Rights and Protection
Questions and Answers
• Question: Find out the Assumptions of Cardinal Utility Theory.
◦ Answer: The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, based on Cardinal Utility Theory, assumes that:
▪ All products must be of the same quality.
▪ The consumer's income and tastes do not change.
• Question: What is meant by utility. Name the unit for measuring utility.
◦ Answer:
▪ Utility is the want-satisfying power of a commodity/good.
▪ The unit for measuring utility is utils.
• Question: a. Write the features of total utility and marginal utility when the first unit of orange is used. b. Find out the features of marginal utility from the table.
◦ Answer: (Referring to the table provided in the model paper)
▪ a. Features of total utility and marginal utility when the first unit of orange is used:
• Total Utility (TU) is 20.
• Marginal Utility (MU) is 20.
• For the first unit consumed, the marginal utility is equal to the total utility.
▪ b. Features of marginal utility from the table:
• Marginal Utility (MU) generally decreases as consumption increases, demonstrating the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (e.g., from 20 for the 1st unit to 4 for the 5th unit).
• Marginal Utility becomes zero when total utility is at its maximum (at the 6th unit, TU is 67, MU is 0).
• Marginal Utility becomes negative when total utility starts to decline (at the 7th unit, TU falls to 64, MU is -3).
• Question: When Raju clicked in a fake link that came to his mobile phone, he lost the entire amount from his bank account. What all solutions would you suggest Raju in order to get his money back?
◦ Answer: Raju has experienced online fraud. To get his money back, he should:
▪ Complain to the Cyber Crime Cell at cybercrime.gov.in.
▪ Report to the CERT-IN portal (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team).
▪ Submit a complaint through the National Consumer Helpline or email info@cert.in.org.in.
• Question: Ninu was affected by food poisoning when she tasted a bread bought from a shop. When she checked the packet she could understand that it was an expired product. What all things have to be considered as a consumer while purchasing a product, in order to avoid such situations.
◦ Answer: To avoid situations like Ninu's, a consumer should consider the following while purchasing a product:
▪ Check the expiry date of the product.
▪ Verify the quality of the product.
▪ Check the manufacturing date.
▪ Understand the ingredients used.
▪ Ascertain the meaning of quality symbols (e.g., FSSAI for food safety).
▪ Read any statutory warnings on the wrapper.
▪ Ensure the quantity and weight are correct.
▪ Compare the price listed on the product with the bill price.
▪ Check for a warranty/guarantee if applicable.
▪ Insist on and check the bill, ensuring it has the GST number and rate.
• Question: Ajay purchased two shirts from a shop for his use. But it got damaged in the next week itself when he started using it as per the instructions given in it. Whom should he approach in order to get compensation for the damage occurred. What all rights of Ajay are violated here?
◦ Answer:
▪ Whom to approach: Ajay should approach the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission to seek compensation for the damaged shirts.
▪ Rights violated: The rights of Ajay that are violated here include:
• Right to Safety: The product (shirt) posed a potential threat or failed to meet expected durability, which implies a safety concern.
• Right to Know: The consumer has the right to know the quality of goods to be protected from unfair trade practices; the damage indicates a failure in quality disclosure or assurance.
• Right to Seek Redressal: Ajay has the right to seek compensation for unfair trade practices and consumer exploitation, which the damaged product represents.