ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ പേപ്പർ 

  

ക്ലാസ്: VIII

വിഷയം: സാമൂഹ്യശാസ്ത്രം

1 മാർക്ക് വീതമുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ (1–4)

1. (A) പോർച്ചുഗീസ്, ഡച്ച്, ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്, ഫ്രഞ്ച്

2. (C) പ്രസ്താവന 1 ഉം 2 ഉം

3. (A) A–iii, B–i, C–ii

4. (D) i, iii

2 മാർക്ക് വീതമുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ (5–7)

5.A - 0° രേഖാംശത്തിൽ രാത്രി 8 മണിയാണെങ്കിൽ,

- 30° കിഴക്ക് → സമയം = +2 മണിക്കൂർ = രാത്രി 10 മണി

- 30° പടിഞ്ഞാറ് → സമയം = −2 മണിക്കൂർ = വൈകിട്ട് 6 മണി

5.B - ഉൽപാദന രീതി – യാന്ത്ര സഹായത്തോടെയുള്ള ഉൽപാദനം (Mechanical production)

- സവിശേഷത – മെഷീനുകൾ കൂടുതലായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നു തൊഴിലാളികളുടെ ആവശ്യം കുറവാണ്, ഉൽപാദന വേഗതയും അളവും കൂടുന്നു

6. - മൗലികാവകാശങ്ങൾ – പൗരന്മാരുടെ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യവും സംരക്ഷണവും ഉറപ്പാക്കുന്ന, ഭരണഘടന നൽകുന്ന പ്രത്യേകാവകാശങ്ങൾ.

- ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നത് – ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭരണഘടനയുടെ ഭാഗം III.

7. മിന്റോ–മോർലി പരിഷ്കാരം (1909) ‘ഭിന്നിപ്പിച്ച് ഭരിക്കുക’ നയത്തിന്റെ ഉദാഹരണം:

- മുസ്ലിംകൾക്കായി വിവിധ മതാധിഷ്ഠിത തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് മണ്ഡലങ്ങൾ (Separate Electorates) കൊണ്ടുവന്നു.

- ഇതു ഹിന്ദു–മുസ്ലിം ഐക്യം തകർത്തു, ബ്രിട്ടീഷുകാർക്ക് ഭരണം തുടരാൻ അനുകൂലമായി.

3 മാർക്ക് വീതമുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ (8–11)

8.A ഭരണഘടനാപരമായ പരിഹാരങ്ങളുടെ അവകാശം →

- മറ്റ് മൗലികാവകാശങ്ങൾ നടപ്പിലാക്കാൻ നിയമപരമായ മാർഗം.

- കോടതിയിൽ നേരിട്ട് പോകാനുള്ള അവകാശം.

- ഇതില്ലെങ്കിൽ മറ്റ് അവകാശങ്ങൾ ഉറപ്പില്ല.

8.B - സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യാനന്തരം ഇന്ത്യ മിശ്രസമ്പദ് വ്യവസ്ഥ സ്വീകരിച്ചു.

- സവിശേഷത – പൊതുമേഖല + സ്വകാര്യമേഖല; പദ്ധതിപരമായ വികസനം; സാമൂഹ്യനീതിക്ക് മുൻഗണന.

9. - ചിത്രം → ദക്ഷിണായന ദിനം / South Solstice (ഡിസംബർ 22).

- സവിശേഷത – സൂര്യൻ തെക്കേ അർദ്ധ ഗോളത്തിലായിരിക്കും ഇവിടെ പകൽ സമയം കൂടുതലായിരിക്കും ; ഇന്ത്യയിൽ ശൈത്യകാല ആരംഭം.

10. - കൊച്ചി – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്

- പോണ്ടിച്ചേരി – ഫ്രഞ്ച്

- ബറൂച്ച് – ഡച്ച്

11. ഗാന്ധിയൻ ആശയങ്ങൾ – സ്വയംപര്യാപ്ത ഗ്രാമങ്ങൾ, അമിത ഉപഭോഗത്തിന് നിയന്ത്രണം, അഹിംസ.

സമകാലിക പ്രസക്തി – സ്ഥിരതയുള്ള വികസനം, പരിസ്ഥിതി സംരക്ഷണം, ജനാധിപത്യത്തിലെ നൈതികത.

4 മാർക്ക് വീതമുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ (12–13)

12.A

- പുതിയ എൻഫീൽഡ് തോക്കുകളുടെ തിരകളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട് സൈനികർക്കിടയിലെ ആശയ കുഴപ്പം (പശുവിന്റെയും പന്നിയുടെയും കൊഴുപ്പിൽ മുക്കിയതായിരുന്നു.)

- ഹിന്ദുവിനും മുസ്ലിംക്കും മതവികാരം വൃണപ്പെട്ടു

- ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് അധികാരികൾ പരാതി അവഗണിച്ചു → 1857 കലാപം പൊട്ടിപ്പുറപ്പെട്ടു.


12.B - പാശ്ചാത്യ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം – സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യം, മനുഷ്യാവകാശം, ജനാധിപത്യം തുടങ്ങിയ ആശയങ്ങൾ.

- ഇന്ത്യക്കാർ ദേശസ്നേഹത്തിൽ പ്രചോദിതരായി, സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമരത്തിന് നേതൃത്വം നൽകി.

13. (അടിസ്ഥാന സാമ്പത്തിക പ്രശ്നങ്ങൾ – രണ്ട് ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ)

1. എന്ത് ഉൽപാദിപ്പിക്കണം? – ജനങ്ങളുടെ ആവശ്യവും വിഭവങ്ങളുടെ ലഭ്യതയും പരിഗണിച്ച്.

2. എങ്ങനെ ഉൽപാദിപ്പിക്കണം? – തൊഴിൽ തീവ്ര പ്രവർത്തനം vs മൂലധന തീവ്ര പ്രവർത്തനം, ചെലവ് കുറഞ്ഞ രീതിയുടെ ഉപയോഗം

5 മാർക്ക് വീതമുള്ള ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ (14–15)

14.A (സാമൂഹിക പരിഷ്കരണം)

- രാജാറാം മോഹൻ റോയ്

- സതി നിരോധനത്തിന് ശ്രമിച്ചു, വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പരിഷ്കാരങ്ങൾ നടപ്പാക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചു, ബ്രാഹ്മോ സമാജം സ്ഥാപിച്ചു.

- പണ്ഡിത രമാബായി

- സ്ത്രീവിദ്യാഭ്യാസം, വിധവാസേവനം, ശരണാലയങ്ങൾ സ്ഥാപിച്ചു. 14.B (പ്ലാസി–ബക്സാർ യുദ്ധങ്ങളുടെ പങ്ക്)

- 1757 പ്ലാസി – ബംഗാളിൽ ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് അധികാരത്തിന് തുടക്കം.

- 1764 ബക്സാർ – ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇന്ത്യാ കമ്പനി ബിഹാർ, ഉത്തർപ്രദേശ് പ്രദേശങ്ങളിൽ നിയന്ത്രണം നേടി; ഭരണം ശക്തമായി.

15. - പ്രാദേശിക സമയം – സൂര്യന്റെ സ്ഥാനം അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കിയുള്ള സമയം, ഓരോ രേഖാംശപ്രദേശം സ്വന്തമായി പാലിക്കുന്ന സമയം.

- ഗ്രീനിച്ച് സമയം (GMT) – 0° രേഖാംശത്തിൽ (ഗ്രീനിച്ച്) കാണുന്ന ശരാശരി സമയം; ലോകസമയത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാന സമയരേഖ.




Questions with 1 Mark each (1–4)

  1. (A) Portuguese, Dutch, English, French

  2. (C) Statement 1 and 2

  3. (A) A–iii, B–i, C–ii

  4. (D) i, iii

Questions with 2 Marks each (5–7)

  1. A)

    • If it is 8 PM at 0° longitude, then:

    • 30° East → Time = +2 hours = 10 PM

    • 30° West → Time = -2 hours = 6 PM

    B)

    • Method of Production – Production with the help of machines (Mechanical production).

    • Features – Machines are used extensively, the need for laborers is reduced, and the speed and volume of production increase.

    • Fundamental Rights – Special privileges granted by the Constitution that ensure the freedom and protection of citizens.

    • Included in – Part III of the Indian Constitution.

  2. The Minto-Morley Reforms (1909) as an example of the 'Divide and Rule' policy:

    • It introduced Separate Electorates for Muslims.

    • This broke Hindu-Muslim unity and made it favorable for the British to continue their rule.

Questions with 3 Marks each (8–11)

  1. A) Right to Constitutional Remedies →

    • It provides a legal way to enforce other fundamental rights.

    • It gives the right to approach the court directly.

    • Without this right, other rights are not guaranteed (or become meaningless).

    B)

    • After independence, India adopted a mixed economy.

    • Features – Co-existence of the public sector and private sector; planned development; priority to social justice.

    • The picture shows → Winter Solstice (December 22).

    • Features – The sun is in the Southern Hemisphere, where daytime is longer; it marks the beginning of winter in India.

    • Kochi – Portuguese

    • Pondicherry – French

    • Bharuch – Dutch

  2. Gandhian Ideas – Self-sufficient villages, control over excessive consumption, non-violence (Ahimsa).
    Contemporary Relevance – Sustainable development, environmental protection, ethics in democracy.

Questions with 4 Marks each (12–13)

  1. A)

    • There was a rumor among the soldiers regarding the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles (that they were greased with the fat of cows and pigs).

    • The religious sentiments of both Hindus and Muslims were hurt.

    • The British authorities ignored the complaints → The Revolt of 1857 broke out.

    B)

    • Western education introduced ideas like liberty, human rights, and democracy.

    • Indians were inspired by patriotism and provided leadership for the freedom struggle.

  2. (Basic Economic Problems – Two examples)

    • What to produce? – Considering the needs of the people and the availability of resources.

    • How to produce? – Deciding between labor-intensive vs. capital-intensive methods, and using the most cost-effective technique.

Questions with 5 Marks each (14–15)

  1. A) (Social Reforms)

    • Raja Ram Mohan Roy

      • Worked for the abolition of Sati, tried to implement educational reforms, and founded the Brahmo Samaj.

    • Pandita Ramabai

      • Worked for women's education, service for widows, and established shelter homes.

    B) (Role of the Battles of Plassey and Buxar)

    • 1757 Plassey – Marked the beginning of British power in Bengal.

    • 1764 Buxar – The British East India Company gained control over the regions of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh; their rule was strengthened.

    • Local Time – Time based on the position of the sun at a specific longitude. It is the time observed locally in a region.

    • Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) – The mean solar time at 0° longitude (Greenwich); it serves as the baseline for world time.


Answer all the questions from 1 to 4 each question carries 1 mark(4x1=4)
1. The Europeans who came to India for trade are given below in chronological order.From theoptions, choose the correct group and write it.
(A) Portuguese, Dutch, English, French
(B) Dutch, English, French, Portuguese
(C) English, French, Portuguese, Dutch
(D) Portuguese, Dutch, French, English
2. Statement 1: The imaginary line that demarcates day and night on the Earth is called the Circle of Illumination.
Statement 2: The revolution is the movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed orbit.
Which of the above statement is correct?
(A) Statement 1 only
(C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2
(B) Statement 2 only
(D) Neither Statement 1 nor Statement 2
3. The two sets given below are: Set 1 – Social Reform Movements Set 2 – Their Founders.
Match them correctly.

Set 1
A. Arya Samaj
B. Self-Respect Movement
C. Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham

Set 2
i. E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker
ii. Ayyankali
iii. Swami Dayananda Saraswati
iv. Swami Vivekananda-2-

From the given options, choose the correct answer and write it.
(A) A–iii, B–i, C–ii
(B) A–i, B–iii, C–ii
(C) A–iii, B–ii, C–iv
(D) A–ii, B–iii, C–iv
4. From Column B, choose the most appropriate options for Column A and write them.
A
Extremists
(A) i, ii
(C) iii, iv
B
i. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai
ii. Struggles that are peaceful and bloodless
iii. Adopted methods like Swadeshi and Boycott
iv. Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji
(B) ii, iii
(D) i, iii
For questions 5 to 7, each carries 2 marks. In questions with a choice, answer only one. Write
answers in two or more sentences.
(3 × 2 = 6)
5. (A) When it is 8 PM at the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude), what will be the time at 30°
East and 30° West longitudes?
OR
(B) A person who has newly started a start-up uses machines instead of labours for production.
Which method of production has he used? What is the characteristic of this method?
6. What are Fundamental Rights? In which part of the Indian Constitution are the Fundamental
Rights enshrined?
7. The Minto–Morley Reforms are an example of the British policy of "Divide and Rule." Justify
this statement.
For questions 8 to 11, each carries 3 marks. In questions with a choice, answer only one.
Write answers in three or more sentences.
(4 × 3 = 12)
8. (A) Among the Fundamental Rights, the Right to Constitutional Remedies is considered the
most important. Why?
OR-3-
(B) Which economic system did India adopt after independence? What are the characteristics of
this economic system?
9. Observe the given figure. Which Solstice does it indicates?. Write the characteristics of this
solstice.
10. On the given outline map of India, mark and label the following European occupied territories:
(A) Cochin
(B) Pondicherry
(C) Bharuch
11. Evaluate the contemporary relevance of the Gandhian principles included in the Directive
Principles of State Policy.
*Questions 12 and 13 carry 4 marks each. Question 12 has a choice. In questions with a
choice, answer only one. Write answers in four or more sentences.
(2×4 = 8)
12. (A) Did the use of new Enfield rifles hurt the religious beliefs of Indian soldiers ?
Explain on the basis of the causes of the Revolt of 1857.
OR
(B) How did Western education help in developing nationalism among Indians? Evaluate.
13. Explain any two Basic Economic Problems.-4-
Questions 14 and 15 carry 5 marks each. In questions with a choice, answer only one. Write
answers with detailed explanation.
(2×5 =10)
14.(A) Describe the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Pandita Ramabai in the field of
social reform in India.
OR
(B) Evaluate the role of the Battles of Plassey and Buxar in laying the foundation of British
rule in India.
15. Explain local time and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). write the answers according to scheme of marks solve all questions

1Answers to Questions 1 to 4 (Each carries 1 mark)

11. Europeans who came to India for trade: Chronological Order

The correct chronological order is:

Portuguese (1498), then Dutch (1595), then English (1600), then French (1664).askfilo+2

Answer: (A) Portuguese, Dutch, English, French

12. Circle of Illumination and Revolution Statements

Statement 1: The imaginary line that demarcates day and night on the Earth is called the Circle of Illumination, is correct.

Statement 2: The revolution is the movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed orbit, is also correct.

Answer: (C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2

13. Match the Social Reform Movements and Founders

Arya Samaj: Swami Dayananda Saraswati

Self-Respect Movement: E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: Ayyankali

Correct match: (A) A–iii, B–i, C–ii

14. Extremists in the Freedom Movement

Column A: Extremists
Column B Options:

i. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai (Extremist Leaders)

iii. Adopted methods like Swadeshi and Boycott (Methods used by Extremists)

Answer: (D) i, iii

1Answers to Questions 5 to 7 (Each carries 2 marks)

5. (A)
When it is 8 PM at the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude):

At 30° East: Time increases by 2 hours (15° = 1 hour → 30° = 2 hours) → 10 PM

At 30° West: Time decreases by 2 hours → 6 PM

OR (B)
The person has used the Capital-Intensive Method of production.
Characteristic: Production is carried out more by machines than by human labour.

6.
Fundamental Rights are the basic rights guaranteed to every citizen of India to ensure individual liberty, equality, and dignity.
They are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution.

7.
The Minto–Morley Reforms (1909) introduced Separate Electorates for Muslims, meaning Muslims could elect their own representatives separately.
This policy divided Hindus and Muslims politically, which is an example of the British “Divide and Rule” policy.

1Answers to Questions 8 to 11 (Each carries 3 marks)

8. (A)
The Right to Constitutional Remedies allows citizens to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts if their Fundamental Rights are violated.
It acts as the guardian of all other rights, ensuring that they are protected and enforced by law.
This is why Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called it the “heart and soul” of the Constitution.

OR (B)
India adopted a Mixed Economic System after independence.
Characteristics:

Coexistence of public and private sectors

Government control over key industries

Encouragement of private enterprises

Planned economic development

9.
If the figure shows the Tropic of Cancer tilted towards the Sun, it indicates the Summer Solstice (around 21 June).
Characteristics:

Longest day and shortest night in the Northern Hemisphere

Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer

Marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere

10.
On the outline map of India:

Cochin → Kerala (south-west coast)

Pondicherry → Tamil Nadu coast

Bharuch → Gujarat (west coast)

(Since I cannot draw here, you would need to label these locations on your map.)

11.
Gandhian principles in the Directive Principles of State Policy stress harmony, equality, and rural development.
Examples of relevance today:

Promotion of cottage industries for self-reliance

Prohibition of intoxicating drinks for public health

Decentralisation of power through Panchayati Raj

Promotion of non-violence and peace in resolving disputes

1Answers to Questions 12 & 13 (Each carries 4 marks)

12. (A)
The new Enfield rifles used in 1857 had cartridges greased with cow and pig fat.
Hindu soldiers believed that using the cartridges would hurt their religious beliefs (cow is sacred in Hinduism) and Muslim soldiers also opposed it (pig is forbidden in Islam).
This insult to religion became one of the immediate causes of the Revolt of 1857.
It deepened resentment against British rule.

OR (B)
Western education introduced modern ideas like liberty, equality, and nationalism.
It spread awareness about democratic rights and self-governance.
Educated Indians could read about world revolutions and freedom struggles.
This strengthened unity and paved the way for the Indian National Movement.

13.
Two basic economic problems:

What to produce? – Deciding which goods and services should be produced with available resources.

How to produce? – Choosing between labour-intensive or capital-intensive production methods.

1Answers to Questions 14 & 15 (Each carries 5 marks)

14. (A)
Raja Ram Mohan Roy:

Founded the Brahmo Samaj

Abolished Sati and promoted widow remarriage

Advocated for modern education (especially English)

Worked for women’s rights and social equality

Pandita Ramabai:

Champion of women’s education and emancipation

Established Sharada Sadan for widows

Opposed child marriage and caste discrimination

Encouraged self-reliance among women

OR (B)
Battle of Plassey (1757) – British defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah; gained control over Bengal’s revenue.
Battle of Buxar (1764) – British defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Shah Alam II; secured political control over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
These two battles laid the administrative and economic foundation of British rule.

15.
Local Time: Time of a place based on its longitude; each 15° = 1-hour difference from GMT.
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time): Standard time at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) used worldwide as a reference.
Relationship: Local time is ahead/behind GMT depending on east or west location.
Example: If GMT = 12 PM, a place at 45° East will be 3 hours ahead (3 PM local time).


Answers

1-mark questions (1 to 4)

  1. (A) Portuguese, Dutch, English, French

  2. (C) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2

  3. (A) A–iii, B–i, C–ii

  4. (D) i, iii

2-mark questions (5 to 7) — answer only one in choices

5) (A)

  • Every 15° of longitude = 1 hour. So 30° = 2 hours.

  • At 8 PM at 0°, time at 30°E = 10 PM; time at 30°W = 6 PM.

  1. Fundamental Rights are the basic freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and enforceable by courts (e.g., equality, liberty, etc.). They are in Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12–35).

  2. The Minto–Morley Reforms (1909) introduced separate electorates for Muslims and communal representation. This split Indians along religious lines and weakened unity, clearly showing the British “Divide and Rule” policy.

3-mark questions (8 to 11) — answer only one in choices

8) (A) The Right to Constitutional Remedies lets people go to the courts if their Fundamental Rights are violated. Courts can issue writs (like habeas corpus) to protect rights. Without this right, other rights would be meaningless; it is called the “heart and soul” of the Constitution (Article 32).

  1. The figure isn’t visible here, so match your figure with the correct solstice:

  • If the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun (Sun overhead at Tropic of Cancer, 23.5°N): June/Summer Solstice. Features: longest day in the Northern Hemisphere; continuous daylight in the Arctic Circle; start of summer in the North.

  • If the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun (Sun overhead at Tropic of Capricorn, 23.5°S): December/Winter Solstice. Features: longest night in the Northern Hemisphere; continuous night in the Arctic Circle; start of winter in the North.

  1. Map marking (write these labels at the correct spots):

  • Cochin (Kochi), Kerala: on the southwest coast near 10°N, 76°E.

  • Pondicherry (Puducherry): on the southeast coast, just south of Chennai, around 12°N, 80°E.

  • Bharuch (Broach), Gujarat: near the mouth of the Narmada River on the west coast, around 22°N, 73°E.

  1. Gandhian Directive Principles of State Policies matter today through:

  • Village Panchayats (Article 40): strengthened by 73rd/74th Amendments; more local self-rule.

  • Cottage/small industries (Article 43): support to MSMEs, khadi, self-reliant rural jobs.

  • Prohibition of intoxicants (Article 47): some states try alcohol control to improve public health.

  • Cow and cattle protection (Article 48): animal welfare and sustainable agriculture.
    These guide policies for grassroots democracy, livelihoods, health, and ethical development.

4-mark questions (12 and 13) — Q12 answer only one in choices

12) (A) Yes. The new Enfield rifle cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat. Soldiers had to bite them open, which hurt Hindu beliefs (cow is sacred) and Muslim beliefs (pig is unclean). This deeply offended sepoys and became a direct trigger of the 1857 revolt, adding to existing grievances like pay, postings, and disrespect for traditions.

  1. Any two basic economic problems:

  • What to produce?

    A society must decide which goods and how much (e.g., food vs. luxury items), because resources are limited.

  • How to produce?

    Choose methods—more labor or more machines—aiming for efficiency and cost-effectiveness while considering employment and resources.

5-mark questions (14 and 15) — Q14 answer only one in choices

14) (B) Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764) laid the base of British rule:

  • Plassey: The East India Company (Clive) defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah with help from Mir Jafar. The Company gained huge wealth, free trade privileges, and control over Bengal politics by placing a puppet Nawab. This shifted the Company from traders to political power-brokers.

  • Buxar: The Company defeated the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and the Mughal Emperor. By the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), the Company got Diwani rights (revenue collection) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

  • Result: Revenue financed a strong army and administration. Dual government began in Bengal, and British expansion became steady. Together, these battles turned the Company into a territorial power, laying the firm foundation of British rule in India.

  1. Local time and GMT:

  • Local time is the time at a place based on the Sun’s position at its own meridian (solar noon is when the Sun is highest there). Because Earth rotates, places at different longitudes have different local times. Every 1° of longitude makes about 4 minutes’ difference from another place.

  • Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Prime Meridian (0°) passing through Greenwich, London. It is the world’s reference time; all time zones are set as offsets from GMT (now practically UTC). Rule of thumb: 15° of longitude equals 1 hour; east is ahead of GMT, west is behind. Example: India’s IST is GMT + 5 hours 30 minutes.






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